{"id":7019,"date":"2019-02-19T16:46:48","date_gmt":"2019-02-19T16:46:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/9thstreetjournal.org\/?p=709"},"modified":"2023-03-27T15:51:03","modified_gmt":"2023-03-27T15:51:03","slug":"this-is-a-target-rich-environment-inside-the-rhine-research-centers-parapsychology-probes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/9thstreetjournal.org\/2019\/02\/19\/this-is-a-target-rich-environment-inside-the-rhine-research-centers-parapsychology-probes\/","title":{"rendered":"‘This Is a Target-Rich Environment’: Inside the Rhine Research Center’s Parapsychology Probes"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Five minutes from Duke Hospital, in a quiet office park that also houses the offices of U.S. Rep. G.K. Butterfield, a real-estate agent, a financial coach, and a dentist, the Rhine Research Center is open for its eighth decade of business.<\/p>\n

At first glance, the space could pass for the home of any other association\u2014cookie-cutter office chairs, fluorescent lights, and shelves of old volumes collecting dust. It\u2019s the details that suggest something different. A bust of J.B. Rhine, the center\u2019s long-deceased founder, glowers at visitors across from a kitschy glass goblet full of bent spoons, and every now and then the phone rings, with someone calling to report a paranormal experience.<\/p>\n

\"\"
John Kruth stands in the “receiver’s room” at the Rhine Research Center. This is where research subjects attempt to perceive observations made by people in another room, a process that is being revised. (Photo by Katie Nelson)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

John Kruth, the executive director, sits at a table with his laptop and cell phone.\u00a0Wearing glasses, a goatee, two silver rings and a turquoise collared shirt, Kruth doesn\u2019t look like a stereotypical scientist. HIs phone\u2019s ringtone is a Star Trek sound effect. He refers to the movie \u201cGhost\u201d a lot, usually in a derisive way. Kruth has spent the past ten years researching in a field most people believe to be pseudoscience. The Rhine Research Center investigates parapsychology: extrasensory perception, psychokinesis, precognition, hypnosis, and energy healing, among other phenomena. He feels like he\u2019s found his calling, and his work at the Rhine is only getting started.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Kruth has had an interest in parapsychology since his childhood growing up in Pittsburgh, but says conversations with skeptics inspired him to wonder how to communicate about parapsychology with people who don\u2019t know anything about it. That\u2019s when he realized he needed a science degree, and earned an M.S. in research psychology.<\/p>\n

\u201cI actually grew up in a family and a community where it was very well accepted, these types of activities. I was practicing hypnosis and meditation from the time I was a very, very small child, and did visualization techniques, had different people in my family who were healers and doing energy healing, so it was not uncommon for me,\u201d Kruth says. \u201cBut when I tried to talk to other people about it, they thought I was nuts!\u201d<\/p>\n

Kruth moved to Durham from Philadelphia in the 1980s because the Rhine was located here, but it took him years to first walk through the door. Kruth has now been at the Rhine for 10 years and executive director for seven, and he says he\u2019s doing what he\u2019s wanted to do his whole life: researching parapsychology and communicating the findings to as many interested people as possible.<\/p>\n

The Rhine Center is still one of the leading parapsychology laboratories in the country. It\u2019s also one of the few left. But there was a time when the laboratory was cutting-edge science and one of Duke University\u2019s claims to international fame. Parapsychology arose from late-19th century English research into communication with the dead and apparitions. In 1930, Duke became the first American university to grant parapsychology a foothold, largely under the leadership of William McDougall. A British eugenicist and well-known social psychologist, McDougall became head of Duke\u2019s psychology department in 1927 and brought with him to Durham two telepathy and clairvoyance researchers, though they were botanists by training: Joseph Banks Rhine (who Kruth calls \u201cJ.B.\u201d in conversation) and his wife, Louisa E. Rhine.<\/p>\n

In 1933, Duke awarded the first American doctorate in parapsychology. The student, John F. Thomas, later published the thesis as a book called \u201cAn Evaluative Study of Mental Content of Certain Trance Phenomena.\u201d For his thesis, Thomas tested different psychic mediums<\/a>, primarily a woman named Gladys, to see how accurately they could transmit messages from his own wife, who died nine years before he received his doctorate. Thomas\u2019s research found an overall success rate of 92 percent.<\/p>\n

Two years later, with the support of University President William Few, McDougall created the country\u2019s first parapsychology lab, appointing Rhine, \u201cmop-haired ex-Marine sergeant,\u201d as director. The lab quickly captured a great deal of media attention, with The Chronicle reporting in 1937<\/a> that \u201cnearly every important journal in England and France during the past year has given accounts to the researches in extra-sensory perception carried on by Dr. J.B. Rhine.\u201d<\/p>\n

After McDougall\u2019s death in his home on East Campus in 1938, Rhine dreamed of cleaving the lab from the psychology department, where his colleagues found him to be overly self-promotional. In 1947, the Rhine Lab split from the department but continued on campus with support from the Duke statistics department, which generally found his analysis to be sound. In 1962, Rhine established the Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man in a big building a stone\u2019s throw from campus. Though he retired from Duke in 1965, he continued working until 1976, searching for a suitable successor. Rhine died in 1980. His last words to his wife Louisa were reportedly, \u201cThe work must go on.\u201d<\/p>\n

The work goes on. Sometimes, there are experiments in the labs upstairs. At other times, the center hosts educational events, plus two monthly meetings: the psychic experiences group and the dream studies group. This month, its very Web. 2.0 site<\/a>\u00a0advertises two events, one called \u201cAre you an Empath in a World of Chaos?\u201d and the other \u201cHealing through Qigong \u2013 Creating Balance.\u201d Four days a week, the book collection, one of the largest parapsychology libraries in the country, is open to all. There\u2019s a small section on aliens, a lot on ESP, plus a complete set of the Journal of Parapsychology, a peer-reviewed journal published in Durham since 1937. On the website, 15 donors have donated $1,040.00 toward a $5,000 fundraising goal to \u201ckeep the library current.\u201d (Dr. Sally Rhine Feather, J.B. and Louisa\u2019s daughter, celebrated her 89th birthday in January and is executive director emerita of the center.)<\/p>\n

\"\"
The Rhine Research Center Past collects past issues of the Journal of Parapsychology, which it publishes. (Photo by Katie Nelson)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Along with Rhine\u2019s bust, the library is decorated with old technology like Zener cards and the goblet of bent spoons. The cards, which you might remember from the opening scene of \u201cGhostbusters,\u201d were developed by Karl E. Zener, a Duke professor, for use in ESP experiments. The spoons are leftovers from the Center\u2019s \u201cPSI games,\u201d which Kruth describes as a more entertaining throwback event when compared with the rest of the Center\u2019s business. Kruth says about a third of the participants in PSI games are able to usual visualization techniques to find the strength to bend the spoons. Some people bend so many that they leave them behind at the Center.<\/p>\n

\u201cTypically it gets soft, and they become very easy to manipulate and bend,\u201d Kruth says. \u201cMy first thought is, oh, they\u2019re using their strength. But the first time we did a session here, we had a woman who was walking from station to station, she had an oxygen tank. Every time we got there she would have to sit down\u2014she was very weak, she was an older woman. And when it came time for the spoon bending, she had two bent spoons. And I was like, \u2018There\u2019s no way she used her muscles to do this. This woman can\u2019t even stand up for more than 10 minutes at a time.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n

The center has a sense of humor about itself, but Kruth wants people to know that the research itself is serious.<\/p>\n

\u201cI always say this is a target-rich environment,\u201d he says, smiling. \u201cThere\u2019s a lot of opportunity, there\u2019s a lot of things that could be studied. There aren\u2019t a lot of parapsychologists in the world who are trained in the scientific aspect of it, and who are trained in the language of math and statistics and the scientific method, and who can also understand the phenomena really well.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kruth says that the scientific community can be \u201cdogmatically materialist\u201d in its thinking, and that this paradigm is also generally accepted by the public. Because of this, Kruth says, he doesn\u2019t try to win over dyed-in-the-wool skeptics. But many people are eager to share their own psychic experiences when they find out what he does for a living. Others, he admits, can be derisive.<\/p>\n

\u201cOne of my very good friends who I spend a lot of time with, as soon as she found out I was here, she was like, \u2018You don\u2019t believe that crap, do you?\u2019\u201d Kruth remembers. \u201cShe was completely on the materialistic side, but she had no scientific background, had no knowledge of any of the studies, no information about anything that was being done.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kruth can\u2019t identify when he first developed an interest in parapsychology. It\u2019s always been a part of his life. Growing up, he and his siblings played with a set of Zener cards, pre-Ghostbusters fame. They would warn friends not to read the answers in Trivial Pursuit silently before they guessed, because otherwise, the Kruth siblings would \u201cget the answer from somewhere.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe played games a little different from other people did,\u201d Kruth says with a laugh. He also practiced self-hypnosis and visualization as a child. He recalls a trip to a baseball game where, amid the chaos of a van filled with kids, he sat quietly.<\/p>\n

\u201cSomebody asked, \u2018What are you doing?\u2019 and I said, \u2018Well, I\u2019m doing my visualization for the game. I\u2019m visualizing what\u2019s gonna happen,\u2019\u201d Kruth says. \u201cIt surprised me that they didn\u2019t understand what I was talking about and that they thought I was weird for doing this. I thought they were weird for not doing it. To me, this was just what you do; it\u2019s how you make your performance better.\u201d<\/p>\n

Today, Kruth runs studies in the Rhine\u2019s lab on whether visualization really can improve real-life goal realization. His primary research interest, however, is energy healing, or bioenergy. He compares parapsychology to quantum physics: Both fields step outside the materialist paradigms, and observer effects are part of both. Kruth predicts that ideas in parapsychology will soon permeate quantum physics, and perhaps his research will be a part of that.<\/p>\n

Kruth knows how kooky the notion of energy healing can sound. But he says he\u2019s observed healers emitting low levels of ultraviolet light as they work. He links the light emitted by living organisms, called biophotons, to recent findings in physics and biology. Biophotons are a type of bioluminescence\u2014the same biological process that allows fireflies to produce their own light\u2014though biophotons, unlike firefly bioluminescence, are not visible to the human eye.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re using standard physics and equipment to do this. What it seems that we\u2019re detecting is something that could related to the type of energy that people have been describing for so many years,\u201d Kruth says. \u201cWhen I have chi masters in there, I can see that some of them can carefully control the light emissions in the studies that we\u2019ve done.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
John Kruth walks through the Rhine Research Center towards rooms where the he and others probe the paranormal. Portraits of former researchers and study subjects line the walls. (Photo by Katie Nelson)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kruth wants to bring younger researchers into parapsychology. In addition to their groups and PSI games, the Center hosts two online courses, one on \u201cadvanced field investigations,\u201d which Kruth says is not like T.V. ghost-hunting, and one taught by himself on qualitative analysis methods, a type of research method gaining popularity in the social sciences which uses information impossible to quantify, like interviews and observation. Kruth estimates that the Center has taught more than 500 students via online classes, mostly people who \u201cwant to know the real evidence\u201d for the existence of paranormal phenomena.<\/p>\n

\u201cFor so many years that the work has been done in this field, it has been either marginalized or pushed aside, and a lot of it has to do with the publicity that the skeptical movement has gotten recently,\u201d Kruth says. \u201cThis is why we\u2019re kind of changing the way people look at it, and letting them know we\u2019re doing serious science here. We have peer-reviewed journals, we have replications that are going on all the time, and we\u2019re trained as scientists. We\u2019re not just sitting in our basement trying to do this; this is a formal research facility.\u201d<\/p>\n

When Kruth considers which phenomena he\u2019s observed in his lifetime has been most surprising to him, you can almost forget he\u2019s not just another materialist scientist in an orthodox discipline.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe design experiments for our lab. We\u2019re very careful about the way we design them. We\u2019re blinded, we try to make sure there\u2019s no way to cheat: we\u2019re very careful and controlled and everything about how we set them up. We\u2019re so careful about it, that we second-guess ourselves over and over again,\u201d Kruth says. \u201cI\u2019ve done everything I could to make it impossible for someone to do this, and it happens anyway? It surprises me every time. This is why I\u2019m doing this work, I guess. It\u2019s phenomenal, the things that I see. It\u2019s amazing that these things actually happen.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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